Marginal Revenue and Profit

?In order for a company to be able to reach its full potential financial management must be in place. This management needs to be aware of at least the basics of financial plans which are revenue, cost and profit. These three things can make or break a company. Each of these things must be understood and considered before plans can be laid to create or better a company. Revenue is the amount a company receives (Marginal Revenue, 2009). If a company is in the business of sales, revenue is the amount of money the company receives per unit sold. Marginal revenue is the amount of money a company receives for the last unit sold. This is found by dividing the change in revenue by the change in quantity sold. For companies that compete with one another marginal revenue is not very important. This is because in a competitive environment most products are sold at a set price so that marginal revenue is equal to the set sales price of the product. For a monopoly on the other hand, marginal revenue is very important. Monopolies have a decreasing marginal revenue curve (marginal Revenue, 2009); for a monopoly the marginal revenue is less than the sales price. This is because a monopoly must have a lower sales price in order to increase the amount of product sold. Total cost is the amount of money it costs to operate at a particular rate of production (Baker, 2000). There are two types of cost: variable and fixed. Fixed costs are those that remain the same regardless of production and variable costs are those that change with production. Marginal cost is the addition either to total cost or total variable cost resulting from one more unit of output (McConnall & Brue, 2008). Usually this is found by dividing the change in total cost by the change in quantity. Profit is the positive gain from an investment or business operation after subtracting expenses (Profit, 2009). Profit maximization is the idea that people will try to create as high a profit as possible given the circumstances. Since marginal revenue is the amount of revenue an additional unit will bring in and marginal cost is the amount the additional unit will cost to produce, then profit maximization is the point where marginal cost and marginal revenue are equal (Profit Maximization, 2009). So as long as marginal cost is lower than marginal revenue there is profit, but if marginal cost ever exceeds marginal revenue the last unit should not be produced. If the marginal revenue is higher than the marginal cost, the company can produce more units. Business owners and managers need to be able to make a profit. Whenever people think of profit, they are aware that profit is the amount of money left after the expenses are paid and most people know the greater the profit the better off they will be. Most people do not know that profit maximization requires the knowledge of marginal cost and marginal revenue. In order to determine when a company is no longer profiting from production of extra units, one must know that profit maximization is the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Refernces (2009). Marginal revenue: Fundamental finance. Retrieved July 16, 2009, from fundamentalfinance. com Web site: http://economics. fundamentalfinance. com/micro_revenue. php Baker, S. (2000). Cost concepts. Retrieved July 16, 2009, from Economics interactive tutorial Web site: http://hspm. sph. sc. edu/COURSES/ECON/Cost/Cost. html (2009). Profit. Retrieved July 16, 2009, from investorwords. com Web site: http://www. investorwords. com/3880/profit. html Profit Maximization. Retrieved July 16, 2009, Web site: http://www. econ. ilstu. edu/ntskaggs/eco105/readings/profit-max. htm McConnell, C. , & Brue, S. (2008). Microeconomics 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Pacificus & Helvidius Debates Essay

This was written on Notepad then converted into a Word Document. The purpose of this document is to be supplemental to reading the Pacificus & Helvidius Debates, this was written side by side while reading the debates, therefore, if this is the first time you are reading the Pacificus and Helvidius Debates these notes will provide more of a curse then a blessing. Pacificus I: The objections which people are raising against the proclamation of neutrality have been done in bitterness and in critical language, which to me demonstrates that their views were concern with matters that exceed the free discussion of an important public measure. They discuss weakening the confidence of the people in the President†¦ My reflection describes the motives connected with the proclamation which will be used to recommend endeavors by proper explanation of the subject at hand. These explanations at least should be satisfactory to those people who may not have the opportunity for investigating the subject themselves and those people who want to perceive that proclamation is not inconsistent with the constitution. The objections to the proclamation are: The proclamation had no authority. It is contrary to our treaties with France. It is contrary to the gratitude owed to France for helping the U.S. secure victory in the Revolution. That is was out of time and unnecessary. The proclamation was designed to make it known to the belligerents of Europe and the citizens of the U.S. that the U.S. is at Peace with all those at war and that under no treaty to become associated in that war. It also warns all those with the government’s jurisdiction to abstain from acts that contravene the proclamation. This proclamation does not declare that the U.S. will not abide to the conditions of treaties of the belligerents, because they can be up held without committing the U.S. into war. This does not mean the U.S. will not make distinctions about the present war powers as illustrated in articles 17 and 22 of the Treaty of Alliance, because in doing so does not render the U.S. to associate in the war. Even the furnishing of determinate succors with ships or troops to a Power at War due to treaties that have no reference to the war is still consistent with neutrality. However, no favors should be done to either side. The proclamation does exclude engagement in the 11th article of Treaty of Alliance, because the 11th article does not apply to the U.S. in this case. Now let’s discuss whether or not the President acted within his proper sphere or is out of bounds in his actions. First, it is not to be disputed that the management of foreign affair is confided to the U.S. government. Second, it could little be disputed that it beyond the right of the government to issue a proclamation of neutrality. The ability to make such proclamations is important to counties whose interest lies in the preservation of peace. The real question at hand is what department of government is the proper one to make a declaration of neutrality when it is proper. Someone of a correct understands must see that is do not pertain to either the legislative or judicial branches of government. The legislative branch is not the organ of foreign relations. Therefore, it is not the organ of government which is to pronounce the condition of the nation in regards to foreign powers. It is even more obvious that the Judiciary branch does not possess this power. This department decides on litigation in cases, it does interpret treaties, however, only in cases. It does not pronounce the external political relations of treaties between governments. Therefore the power belongs to the executive, when proper. In cases in which the judiciary is not competent, that is in cases between governments. This power is charged with the execution of the laws, of which treaties form a part. This condition is so obvious and consistent with general theory and is undoubtedly just, unless doubt can be deduced from the Constitution. In the following I will see if that doubt is to be found in the constitution. Article 1 state that â€Å"the executive power shall be vested in a President of the U.S.† It also continues and states that the President is the commander in chief of the army and navy of the U.S. and the Militias of the states when called into the service of the U.S., as well as, that the President has the power by and with the advice of the senate to make treaties and that it is his duty to receive ambassadors and ministers to take care that the laws be faithfully executed. It is not consistent with the rules of â€Å"sound construction† to consider the Constitution’s enumeration of the President’s particular authorities is degrading from the more comprehensive grant given to him in the general clause than what has been restricted to him. Due to the difficulty of making a complete and perfect specification of all of the Executive’s authority. There is broad construction of the president’s power in the Constitution. The differences are in the expression, for example â€Å"All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in the Congress of the U.S.† however the difference is â€Å"The Executive Power shall be vested in a President of the U.S.† The Executive Power leaves the rest to flow from the general grant of that power. The doctrine of the constitution in context of the Executive Power is that the Executive Power is only restricted in the qualifications which are expressed in it. But is free elsewhere. The issuing of a proclamation of neutrality is merely an Executive Act. The is no condition in the constitution which inhibits him. It may be observed that the foregoing inference is just if the power of declaring war had not been vested in the Legislature, but that this power naturally includes the right of judging whether the nation is under obligations to make war or not. Even though it is true that it is right of the legislature to declare war also includes the right of judging whether the US is under obligations to make War or not, it does not exclude the president to the same power. If it is the power of the Legislature to make war, then it is the duty of the executive to preserve peace until war is declared, which requires the executive to interpret treaties. There is nothing inconsistent with government which excludes the President from making a proclamation of neutrality. It is both his right and duty to enforce the laws of the Nation. The proclamation of neutrality is a statement to the U.S. people with regard to the Powers at war and makes it know that the law of neutrality is to be enforced. In doing this, the proclamation is stating a secret law. It is the power of the executive to interpret the articles of our treaties and judges the bounds of those treaties. As the organ of foreign affair the executive can consequentially affect the exercise of the Legislative war making power. The President cannot control that power except by veto. The legislature still remains free to perform its own duties in accord to its own sense of them; however, the executive actions could affect them. Therefore it is the case that because treaties are made by the President and Senate together, their activity may be suspended by the President alone. The legislator’s powers are to be constructed strictly. Although the legislature alone can declare war, and transfer the nation for peace to war, it is the executive’s power to do whatever else the laws of nations require for cooperation. In this distribution of powers the wisdom of the constitution is manifested. It is the province and duty of the executive to preserve peace. Only the legislature can interrupt those blessings. Although it is advisable to interpret the authority of the Executive on this broad and comprehensive ground, it is not absolutely necessary to do so in this case. The clause of the constitution which makes it the President’s duty to â€Å"take care that the laws be faithfully executed† might alone be relied on. The U.S.’s treaties and laws must be interpreted by the executive for execution. It is his due to proclaim the neutrality of the nation. Some view the proclamation as the enacting of some new law, but that is wrong. It only is a statement of fact in regard to the existing state of the nation, and informs the citizens of what the laws previously established require of them in the U.S. and warns them that these laws will be put into execution against their breakers.

HOMEWORK 7 Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HOMEWORK 7 - Personal Statement Example Other appropriate ratios include return on equity and return on capital employed. Return on equity is the percentage of net profits in relation to equity. This ratio is much more influential in the determination of return that investors releases to the company. The potential to this ratio extends to the determination of investors investment decision point. Return on capital employed is the percentage of net profit in relation to net assets. Return on assets in relation to cash is another ratio used in the determination of return. This ratio is used in advanced profitability issues. The ratio is used to compare return on investment and cash comparison. The ratio is usually stated on an accruing basis. It is crucial to note the fact that these ratios are used for comparative analysis through the data given. Comparison of ratios should be compared with historical data that belong to the company and or industry. Is it wise for a company to lose money on one product if the product is vital to the sale of another extremely profitable product? It is vital to conduct a net benefit analysis. This will determine the profitability level. A number of approaches can determine which product is profitable for the company. It is wise to employ the best decision strategy in arriving at the best point. Approaches used involve the net benefit analysis or the use of net present value method. In this approach, analysis is done for both products and discounting done by employing the best discount policy. The product that yields the highest net present value should be

Project Schedule Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Schedule - Assignment Example Following are few types of dependencies that are used on Precedence Diagramming Method (Sanghera 2008):- Requirement Gathering Phase Task 1 and Task 2 must be finished before the Task 3 is started. Thus these tasks have a finish to start relationship. Similarly, Task 3 must be finished before Task 4 and Task 5, again indicating a finish to start relationship. Design Phase Task 4 and Task 5 must be finished before Task 6, indicating a finish to start relationship. Task 7 can start immediately after Task 5 has been finished. Thus it has a finish to start relationship with Task 5 and start to start relationship with Task 6. Development and Testing Phase Task 8 and Task 9 must be started after Task 7 is finished. Thus these have a finish to start relationship. Similarly, Task 10 can start when Task 7 has been finished. Also Task 10 precedes Task 12. All showing a finish to start relationship. Deployment and Testing Phase Task 14 must be started after completion of Task 18. Also Task 12 and Task 14 must be completed prior to starting the Task 15. Also Task 13 and Task 15 must be finished before Task 16 is started. Task 17 must start when Task 12 is finished and Task 8 must be finished before Task 18 is started. All the tasks indicate a finish to start relationship. Project Schedule is shown on the next page in form of Project Network Diagram. The red lines indicated the project critical path while blue lines show dependencies on non-critical paths. The total duration of the project is 192 days. Project Management Institute (2008) defines crashing in its PMBOK as a specific technique for project schedule compression performed, after analyzing and identifying the best compromise between project time and cost, to achieve schedule compression for greatest extent and least increment in cost. For example, if the project has a negative float i.e., estimated

The Turkish and Kurdish Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Turkish and Kurdish Conflict - Essay Example In 1920-1930s Kurds several times unsuccessfully rose against the Turkish authorities. In 1961 the Kurdish revolt in Iraq proceeding for several decades with breaks began. The growth of the Kurdish nationalism led to appearance of the Kurdistan Workers Party (Partiya Karkerà ªn Kurdistan, PKK) in 1978 (Combs & Slann, 2007). It is the military-political organization that was formed at an initial stage of the fight (1984 - 1993) with the purpose of creation of the sovereign state of Kurds in Turkey. However, in 1993 the purpose was changed for creation of the Kurdish autonomy as a part of Turkey. In the same time the Turkish Kurds were exposed to persecutions: the use of the Kurdish language was forbidden, and the Kurdish nationality was considered to be nonexistent (authorities began to call Kurds "Mountain Turks"). On August 15, 1984 PKK began guerrilla war in the east and southeast provinces of Turkey. The regular Turkish army was involved to fight against guerrillas, in 1987 state of emergency was declared in the region. The main Kurdish bases were located in the north of Iraq. Under the agreement between the governments of two countries, the Turkish security forces had the right to interfere into the territory of Iraq, pursuing guerrilla groups. Within the 1990th years Turkey performed a number of military actions in Iraq (the largest in 1995 and 1997). The capture of the leader of PKK Abdullah Oà §alan by the American and Israeli services in Kenya on February 15, 1999 became the largest success of Turkey in fight against PKK. Before the capture on September 1, 1998 Abdullah Oà §alan urged RKK to call a truce, and after the capture — to send all combatant forces to the north of Iraq. After that guerrilla fight of PKK started to slow down.

Shift manager report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Shift manager report - Essay Example At the restaurant, planning plays a vital role in ensuring that there should not be a deficit of either services or anything important. A manager should make sure that the staff has roles to ensure specialization. Specialization helps in ensuring each department does not stroll behind. Specific people have specific duties. Specialization is the process in which certain group people produce certain goods and services only. Specialization at the restaurant improved quality services offered and saved more time. Problem solver A good manager should be a problem solver. Managing a restaurant contains problems that are hard to solve as sometimes subordinates engage in an argument with a customer. It brings the dilemma to the manager as either to favor the staff or the customer. Favoring either of the parties results in disagreement or loss. When the manager favors the staff, then the customer gets a negative opinion about the restaurant and leaves never to come back. However, favoring the customer, bring about disagreements between the manager and the staff. A good manager should be able to bring the two parties together. A good manager should command respect A manager should not beg for respect from the subordinate staff or the customers at the restaurant. The working methods and decisions undertaken by the manager should be enough to demand respect from both parties. The manager should be serious in his or her work to show his commitment and great efforts in the restaurant.

Write a report assessing the feasibility of different techniques for Essay - 4

Write a report assessing the feasibility of different techniques for providing fresh water to arid regions of the world - Essay Example Arid regions of the world, found mainly in Africa and Middle-East Asia, typically lack physically accessible, hygienic, and adequate water supply, necessary for multiple aspects such as domestic use, industry and agriculture. Due to this shortage, these regions face difficulties in not only economic development but also human resources development, with people living there facing numerous struggles. Thus focusing on the current tough situation in arid regions, and the resultant difficulties, this report will discuss about two different water provision techniques of desalination and water transfer, and how they can provide fresh water to those regions. Although, 70 percent of the Earth’s surface consists of water, only around 2.5 percent is fresh water, with the rest being salt water contained in the oceans. (â€Å"And not a drop to drink?†, n. d). Among the already minimal proportion of fresh water, just about 1 percent is easily accessible for the people to ‘tap’ and utilize, and that 1 percent is found mainly in rivers, lakes as well as some underground sources. â€Å"Only this amount is renewed regularly by rain and snowfall, and therefore available on a sustainable basis.† (â€Å"And not a drop to drink?†, n. d). However, the key issue here, this 1 percent is not evenly distributed throughout the world, with arid regions bereft of those natural fresh water sources. â€Å"The Amazon carries 16 percent of global river flow (or run-off). But arid zones, which cover 40 percent of the worlds landmass, have only 2 percent of run-off.† (â€Å"And not a drop to drink?†, n. d). Co nsidering these shortfalls, people living in these regions face drinking water shortage, deterioration of agricultural production as well as industrial activity. There are a variety of estimates concerning the amount of water humans need on a daily basis. Clarke

Crime Scene Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Crime Scene - Research Paper Example In this case, we were presented with a homicide that appears to have occurred in the victims homes, where she was found dead, stabbed 13 times, on her kitchen floor. Given the information provided one can extrapolate a couple of different and plausible theories to solve this case. The Victim: The victim is lying on the kitchen floor. She has 13 stab wounds in her body. Stabs wounds of high numbers, excessive beyond just causing death, are sometimes identified as â€Å"emotional† attacks. Usually occurring when the attacker has a personal reason for attacking the victim. She has a knife near to her hand and she shows a number of bruises on her upper arms and broken finger nails. This would indicate that the victim fought back against her attacker. It is, also, means that there is a higher possibility of DNA evidence of the murderer left on her body or under her broken finger nails. As yet, there is no certainty if there has been sexual assault of any kind. Given that the victim is a sturdily built, above average height for female, and 140 pounds it is abundantly likely her attacker was a male; being that she is a larger than average for a female she would likely have an advantage over a female opponent. There are, also, a lot statistics to support the understanding that the homicide victims, who are women, the majority of their murderers are male, as opposed to other women (Brewer & Smith, 1995). The Scene: The crime scene itself has a lot to say about what might have happened here. The fact that the crime took place in the kitchen may have been chosen by the victim. She may have gone to the kitchen intentionally to get to the gun in the drawer or the knife on the counter. The house looks to be in turmoil, however, despite the mess, nothing was apparently stolen from the home. This pretty much eliminates that this homicide was incidental in the course of robbery gone wrong. Realistically this leaves two distinct options to consider. The first is that the crime was a premeditated act or a crime of passion. The fact, that there are no signs of forced entry or breaking and entering means that the victim either was comfortable opening her door to the killer or knew them well enough to invite him into her home. The knife on the floor may or may not be the knife used to stab the victim; knowing this would indicate whether the killer brought a weapon to the scene or used the knife from the victim’s kitchen. There is, also, the possibility that it was the victim who pulled the kitchen knife to defend herself. The family members, who were apparently not present at the time of the crime, are not specifically identified. It is fair to assume that the victim probably has no small children because most parents of small children do not keep loaded firearms in the kitchen drawers. If the victim’s family includes a husband, partner, boyfriend, or fiance then it will be necessary to further question her spouse or partner. In the majori ty of murders occurring among women, 30% or more, can be attributed to men whom they were presently or at some time intimate with (Marvell & Moody, 1999). The Family: When the family is informed one might want to watch the behaviors and actions of the family members. People behave in certain psychological ways when they receive heartbreaking information. The stages of grief are typical of human beings (Moldovan, 2009).So if someone’

Managed care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managed care - Essay Example The graphical representation below illustrates that in the year 2013, employer-sponsored health insurance has been registered at less than 1% of employees in traditional fee-for-service plans. In the recent years, high-deductible health plans have gained popularity wherein the share of managed care registration has declined proportionately. Additionally, it has been noted that traditional health insurance has been in the stage of extinction today. It has been also identified that High Deductible Health Plans paired with a saving option (HDHP/SO) has been included in the survey of health plans registration from the year 2008 (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2014). The health care service, i.e. managed care, has its origin in the United States, but the tools of managed care have spread on a global context. Identifiably, in most of the European countries, general practitioners are entitled with the task of regulating access of the specialists and have responsibilities over a per capita annual budget (Deom et al., 2010). In the United States, managed care has evolved as necessary principally because employers are facilitated with the opportunity of strengthening the health insurance premiums, as compared to the struggles faced by the employers in terms of unaffordable excesses due to the uncontrolled delivery of services. In the insurance system that has existed before the managed care, insurance companies are recognized to overlook the need for any incentive for managing different aspects that included service delivery and payments related to the same. In this respect, due to the lack of controls in factors such as over delivery and payment, it has been identified that the employers had to face the issue relating to costs. Subsequently, a system is needed to be developed with the aim of controlling excessive costs by integrating delivery as well as payment with functions

Intellectual Property Rights and the Rights of the Poor Term Paper

Intellectual Property Rights and the Rights of the Poor - Term Paper Example Concomitantly, such restrictions lead not only to a lack of access to research information in developing countries but also to a lack of motivation within these countries to further conduct research and development for the benefit of the local community and also of worldwide community. Ultimately, the body of human knowledge and development is restricted in this way. This point has been made by a variety of experts in the field. Dugie Standeford1, for example, cites the statements of Professors Joseph Stiglitz and John Sulston2 in this regard. According to these academics, the current patent system is to be criticized for the way in which it restricts rather than disseminates information. Furthermore, it also stifles the development of science and innovation, particularly involving professionals and other great minds from developing countries. Standeford distinguishes between physical property rights and IP regimes. Whereas physical property can be restricted in terms of benefits to others, an intangible phenomenon such as knowledge cannot be so restricted. IP regimes, however, attempts to do precisely this. Although some believe that IP regimes drive innovation by means of protecting the rights of the innovator, others hold that the pace of science is impeded by the danger of lawsuits as a result of any new innovations. Furthermore, the expense of building upon existing knowledge is simply not possible for some of the most worthy scientists residing in poorer countries. This leads to monopolies on bodies of knowledge, which puts it in the hands of the privileged few, while those who might truly benefit have no access or means to further the existing research. In addition, Standeford makes the point that private and social returns are not in accord in terms of IP regimes. This, for example, restricts the benefits that citi zens may gain from research to the rich, whereas the poor are marginalized and restricted from benefits, particularly in the medical field. Standeford mentions the Human Genome Project3 in this regard. In general, Standeford's point is that the gap between the rich and the poor is widening on both the local and the global scale as a result of IP regimes.     

Industrial Clusters Essay Example for Free

Industrial Clusters Essay The software industry clusters in India had emerged in a few cities like Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, and Kolkatta, when conducive conditions became available. This paper highlights the development of the software industry clusters along with some setbacks suffered by them, and the pros and cons of industrial clusters. Arora (2007) reported that the early software industry clusters in India had emerged in Bangalore due to the existence of private engineering colleges, which provided a large number of fresh engineering graduates for the Indian software companies to provide services for software exports. see more:essay on bangalore city Ramachandran and Ray (2003) mentioned that the late software industry clusters mushroomed in the Indian cities of Hyderabad and Kolkatta due to the impetus provided by the entrepreneurship of the state as well as the individuals. According to Khomiakova (2007), these industry clusters have witnessed setbacks, which include an â€Å"overstressed infrastructure,† a steep rise in the cost of real estate, and scarcity of skilled professionals due to a progressive increase in demand being more than the supply. Arora (2007) highlighted that the major advantages of the software industry clusters in India include generation of employment for millions of young graduates, enhancement of productivity, and an increase in investments by Indian as well as multinational companies. Consequently, the development of industry clusters has prevented migration of local graduates to other Indian cities, and also, helped in the economic growth of the city, its state and India. However, their major disadvantage has been marginal loss of business and employment in the IT sector of developed countries, which have outsourced work to these industry clusters. The software industry clusters originated due to the prevalence of favorable conditions in some Indian cities, and they have redefined the global business operations of the IT industry.

Stolen Generation Essay Example for Free

Stolen Generation Essay The forced removal of Aboriginal and Torres Islander children was forcefully taken away from their families between the 1890’s and the 1969. The children were given to churches, missionary institutes and some children were given to white families. Most of the children never saw their families again; more than 100,000 children were removed from their families They removed children without parental consent and without a court order. They wanted these children to be brought up as a part of white families and forget their Aboriginal culture, if however, children spoke their own language; they were abused by their white family because they wanted to breed out and eliminate the Aboriginal race from their land. They were considered to be low class inferior people. In the removal the government, churches, and welfares were in charge to remove especially the half-cast children, and they thought that they were doing the right thing and justified their action by saying that they are providing these children with a better life. Girls were sent to be trained as house maids, farm hands and labourers. Boys were sent to be trained as Farm workers or as a labourer. They were not allowed to speak their language or any ritual practice. When children were taken from their mothers, they felt helpless and could not do anything about it. While they were growing up they had a lack of Self-esteem, insecurity and felt that they were are worthless. They had depression problems, many committed suicide. Many of the children lost their own language and culture. Some of the children, when they finally met their parents, it was almost impossible to communicate and there was big cultural gap. When they were in a missionary, they had the anxiety of separation of their families and siblings and thought that they would never see their family ever again as a result this made them feel even more lonely. They were deprived of their loved ones and their affections. Some of the children were sexually and physically abused. Many of them suffered deep psychological harm, depression and some of them committed suicide, once the stolen generation children reach the age of 18 year, they were left to live with an English family and no one cared how you were treated because they were your owners.

The Role Of Intermediary Devices In Networks Information Technology Essay

The Role Of Intermediary Devices In Networks Information Technology Essay TCP/ IP model and OSI layers are the two network models used by the internet. In the OSI model, an Ethernet switch operates at the Data-Link layer to create a different collision domain for every single switch port. A multilayer switch though may work at more than one OSI layers, including physical, data link, network and even the transport layer. A router on the other hand is considered a layer 3- the Network layer of the TCP/IP model- device since it does most of its routing decisions according to information in the IP packet of layer 3. Role of Intermediary Devices in the network The switch, which is basically a modern and more efficient version of the outdated hub, is a network access device. The router is an internetworking device. They are both intermediary devices. The basic functionalities of the processes that run in them are to regenerate and re-transmit data, maintain information about the pathways that exist across the network and internet, inform other devices in case of errors and transmission failures, guide data along substitute pathways when there is a failure in the link, classify and direct messages according to Quality of Service (QoS) priorities and permit or deny data flow based on security settings. LANs AND WANs A Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network which typically covers one geographical area, delivering services and applications to those within a mutual organizational structure. A switch is used to connect these computers. Switches lack the capability of connecting multiple networks or distributing an internet connection. A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network of computers covering a broad area and is used in interconnecting two or multiple Local Area Networks. It is usually built using leased lines. A router connects two or more logical subnets and thus is usually connected to two or more LANs or WANs or also a LAN and its Internet Service Provider (ISP). Routers are also used to link segments of a LAN that has been sub-netted into smaller segments. Routers are located at gateways, the meeting point of two or more networks (Ilascu, 2007) Address Table Packet-switched computer networks employ a forwarding technique called bridging. Bridging is dependent on flooding and source address examination in received packet headers to establish the address location of unknown devices. Switches maintain a table of Ethernet MAC addresses referred to as a CAM Table also known as Bridge forwarding table using a method called Transparent Bridging involving learning, flooding, filtering, forwarding and aging. The switch records the source addresses in entries in the table, while destination addresses are looked up in the table and matched to the proper segment to send the frame. The show mac-address-table command can be used to show this table on a Cisco switch. Source route bridging is another form of bridging that was developed for token ring networks. Routers direct packets according to information stored in the IP routing table. A router looks inside each TCP/IP packet it has received to identify the IP addresses of the source and target, sear ches its own routing table for the best match between the destination IP address of the network and addresses in the routing table packet then forwards the packets as desired to ensure that data reaches its destination. The show ip route command can be used to show the table on a Cisco router. (Cisco, 2009) Security Switches and routers are often ignored as security devices because they were originally made to enhance network connectivity rather than network security. Consequently, they are conceptually less secure. An attack on the edge router can cut off the entire network from its users. Weak passwords, unneeded services, protocol and IOS vulnerabilities and IOS configuration errors can cause security breaches. Most routers nowadays have a hardware firewall integrated in their systems thus this has made routers an important component in fostering network security. There are several technical terms about switches and routers that one would encounter: Ports and interfaces A port is a point of physical access or physical interface between a circuit and a device or system at which signals are injected or extracted. It can also be a logical connection, identified by a protocol address in a packet header, associated with TCP or UDP service. The IP address and the port number identify a socket. An interface physically and logically interconnects two other devices or systems Broadcast, unicast and multicast Multicast is a transmission mode in which a signal or packet is sent to multiple devices or computers, but not all on a network, unicast is where a single packet or signal is sent to a single device and broadcast is where it is sent to all stations on a network in order to update the routing table. Gateway This is where one network meets another, for example where a LAN and a WAN are joined by a router. Protocols These are rules and conventions used to exchange information between computers or across computer internetworks. Their two major functions are handshaking and line discipline. Encapsulation and Decapsulation Different types of information are added as data from the Application layer passes down the protocol stack. A new header in each level and a new name is given to the data enclosed. Decapsulation is the reverse. As data goes up the protocol stack, the Data link layer takes it from the physical medium, does a Cyclic Redundancy Check, strips off the respective headers and the rest of the data is passed to an upper layer till it reaches the application layer. Packet switching LAN switches depend on packet-switching. A connection between two segments is established long enough to direct out the current packet. Inbound packets are stored in a temporary memory area, buffer; MAC address in the header is read and compared to those in the switchs lookup table.   An Ethernet frame comprises a normal packet as the payload of the frame, which has a special header including the MAC address information. Traffic-routing in a switch Three methods are used by packet-based switches for traffic-routing. As soon as the packet is detected by the switch, Cut-through switches read the MAC address. The 6 bytes that contain the address information are stored and instantly forwarding the packet to the destination node starts as the rest of the packet comes into the switch. In store-and-forward, the entire packet is saved by the switch, checked for CRC inaccuracies or any other problems before sending. The packet is discarded if it contains errors. The least common method is fragment-free. Its working is like that of cut-through but the first 64 bytes of the packet are stored before sending. This is because most errors and all collisions take place during the first 64 bytes of a packet. Switch configurations The physical design of LAN switches differ. Shared memory is one of the three common configurations in use. This brand of switch stores all entering packets in a common buffer memory shared by all switch ports (for input and output connections), subsequently sending them out through the correct port for the required destination node. In Matrix type of switch, there is an internal grid with input ports crossing output ports. Once a packet is identified on an input port, the MAC address is matched to the lookup table to get the suitable output port. A connection on the grid  where these two ports intersect is then made by the switch. The third is Bus architecture, where instead of a grid; an internal transmission  path (common bus) is shared by all ports using TDMA. There is a dedicated memory buffer for each port in a switch based on this configuration, with an ASIC to control the internal bus access. Router interfaces A router typically has multiple interfaces, as its main purpose is to interconnect several networks and send packets from one network to another. Every interface is a member or host belonging to a different IP network. The routing table comprises of network addresses for a routers own interfaces, which are directly connected networks, and remote networks. Though routers make their major forwarding decisions at the Network layer, router interfaces do this in Layers 1, 2, and 3. IP packets at layer 1 are encapsulated into data link frame at layer 2 and encoded into bits at physical Layer 1. Router interfaces participate in processes associated with their encapsulation at layer 2. A router Ethernet interface, for example, takes part in the ARP process like other same LAN hosts. Router interfaces may vary, but Serial and FastEthernet interfaces are common. Static and Dynamic Routes Static routes are easily and manually configured. However, in large networks the manual operation can be quite cumbersome. Static routes have a default administrative distance of 1. If theres not a more specific match in the routing table, the default route, 0.0.0.0 network address and 0.0.0.0 subnet mask, is used to forward the packet to another router. Dynamic routing protocols require less administrative overhead. They do discovery of remote networks, maintaining up-to-date routing information, choosing the best path to destination networks and have ability to find a new best path if the current is no longer available or if there is a topology change. Static routing is still used nowadays, more often than not, in combination with dynamic routing. Conclusion As introduction of more industrial devices which have built-in Ethernet capabilities continues, networks keep becoming more complex and get crowded with signal traffic. This increases the necessity for Ethernet switches and routers with advanced technology which limits collisions, control bandwidth and have ability to craft virtual local area networks. Companies like Cisco, HP and IBM are racing to produce devices based on the new Energy Efficient Ethernet Standard (IEEE 802.3az). The announcement of CGR 2010 and CGS 2520 router and switch products by Cisco Systems recently designed to aid utility companies in supplying power to homes and businesses under the Smart grid project, a conglomeration of existing and technologies under development, hoped to ameliorate aging US power grid in the near future. As internet speeds get faster, through copper and fiber, switches and routers must possess features of high capacity and expandability. HOW THE INTERNET WORKS (incl. IPv4 and IPv6) Internet protocol suite It refers to a model architecture which divides methods into one layered system of protocols commonly known as TCP/IP, the two most important protocols in it. It is composed of the Link layer, Internet, Transport and Application layers. The link layer provides basic connectivity between computer networking hardware and associated interface-interface messaging management. The Internet layer facilitates interconnectivity between networks and has the Internet Protocol defining IPv4 and IPv6 used to locate hosts on the network. Transport layer provides a framework to convey data between hosts with the help of protocols like TCP and UDP. Application layer deals with application-based interaction between communicating Internet hosts on a process-to-process level. The Domain Name System (DNS) This is the whole network of programs and databases that cooperate to translate hostnames to IP addresses. Internet hostnames are composed of parts separated by dots. A domain is a collection of machines that share a common name suffix. Domains can also live inside other domains. Each domain is defined by an authoritative name server that knows the IP addresses of the other machines in the domain. The primary name server may have backups in case it goes down. The name-servers do not have to know the locations of all the machines in other domains including their own sub-domains, just the location of name-servers. Each top-level domain server knows where the name-servers for the domains directly beneath it are. Classful and classless routing IPv4 addresses were initially allocated based on classes A, B, C, D. Classful routing utilizes routing protocols which do not send subnet mask information if there is a sent out route update . All network devices must use a similar subnet mask e.g. RIPv1. In classless routing, the network portion of the address is determined by the network subnet mask, also known as the network prefix, or prefix length In Classless routing, subnet mask information is sent out in the routing updates. It allows VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking) e.g. RIP V2 EIGRP OSPF. RIP V1 has no Support for VLSM and doesnt support discontigious networks. RIP v2, however, supports VLSM networks and discontigious networks through routers compliant with Classless-Inter Domain Routing, which reduce size of routing tables. Governance The internet is a globally distributed network made up of many voluntary interconnected autonomous networks. It runs without a central governing body. Nevertheless, to maintain interoperability, all technical and policy features of the underlying central infrastructure and the primary name spaces, that is, domain names, IP addresses, application port number and many other parameters are administered by a body called Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in California. World Wide Web and the internet These two terms are often used daily without much distinction, yet have different meanings. The internet is made up of hardware and software infrastructure that ensure availability of connectivity between computers. The World Wide Web or just the web is one of the services transferred through the internet. It is a pool of interconnected documents and many other resources interconnected by hyperlinks and URLs. Technical terms related to the internet include: URLs It stands for Uniform Resource Locator and is used to uniquely identify each of the billions of web pages across the world and help one guide others to them. Internet Backbone The first high speed Tier 1 backbone was created by the NFS in 1987. Backbones are typically fiber optic trunk lines with multiple fiber optic cables to increase the capacity. Bandwidth This is the transmission capability of the lines that convey the Internets electronic traffic where a larger bandwidth transfers more data at a time. Lack of bandwidth can inflict severe restrictions on the quick information delivery by the internet. Peering This is where multiple ISPs are linked at peering points or Internet exchange points (IXs), permitting routing of data across each network, without transmission charges on one another for the data which would otherwise have gone through a third upstream ISP, attracting charges from the upstream ISP. Web hosting This is a form of internet hosting service that lets individuals and organizations make their own websites reachable through the World Wide Web. Web hosting companies offer space on a server they either own or have leased for use by their clients and furthermore provide internet connectivity usually in a data center. IPv4 The Internet Protocol enables internetworking and fundamentally creates the internet itself. IP Version 4 (IPv4) is the preliminary version on the initial generation of todays internet and is still dominantly in use. It was aimed to address up to 4.3 billion (109) internet hosts. IPv4 addresses were initially allocated based on classes. In the original specification of IPv4 (RFC 791) released in 1981, the authors established the classes to provide three different sizes of networks for large, medium and small organizations. As a result, class A, B and C addresses were defined with a specific format for the high order bits, which are the left-most bits in a 32-bit address. The remaining addresses were reserved for multicasting and future uses. However, IPv4 addresses are being exhausted due to the explosive growth of the internet, and the exhaustion is estimated to enter its final stage around 2011. (Microsoft Corporation, 2009) IPv6 The exhaustion led to development of IPv6 around mid-1990s, which provides massively larger addressing abilities and much more efficient routing of traffic. Presently, IPv6 is in commercial deployment phase across the world and internet address registries (RIRs) have started to urge all resource managers to organize rapid implementation and conversion. IPv6 is not interoperable with IPv4 as it basically creates a parallel form of the internet that IPv4 software cannot directly access. Software upgrades or translator facilities are thus essential for each networking device that requires communication on the IPV6 internet. While most recent computer operating systems have by now converted to function with both versions, network infrastructures still lag behind in this development. (Teare Diane, 2006) Client-Server Architecture A computer operates software known as the client and it interacts with another known as the server found at a remote computer. The client is typically a browser such as Mozilla Firefox or Internet Explorer. The server interacts with the browser using a set of guidelines called protocols. These protocols aid in the correct transfer of data via requests from a browser as the server responds. The World Wide Web brings the many protocols available on the Internet together so one can use HTTP, Telnet, FTP, Email etc. on one platform, the web browser. Inside the HTML page the web designer embeds the server-side language code. This code is handed to the suitable interpreter which processes these guidelines and generates the ultimate HTML displayed by the browser. Internet security Cryptographic methods and protocols that have been developed for securing communications on the Internet ensure cyber security. Protocols including SSL and TLS for web traffic, PGP for email, and IPsec for the network layer security have been developed to secure internet communications. Firewalls are used to control access between networks. They consist of gateways and filters which vary from one firewall to another and screen network traffic, blocking that which is dangerous or malicious. Antiviruses are used to protect networks and devices from computer viruses, malware, Trojan horses, spyware, worms and botnets. Conclusion Since its conception in 1969, internet has evolved more than anything else to react positively to new requirements. With faster speeds now, internet is used in banking, gaming, advertising, social networking like Facebook and almost everything else. Shaping the future of internet, CSS3, Fonts as a Service such as Typekit that cater to web browsers that support the font-face rule already, and HTML5 are providing web designers the creative liberty that they have been craving for a long time. Yet new ideas and technologies bring new challenges. Many feel a clean slate approach is the one sure way of correctly addressing security, mobility and further challenges that have arose since 1969. Researchers believe its time to reconsider the Internets underlying architecture, a change that might mean getting to replace networking equipment and modifying computer software to channel future traffic over the existing pipes better. Within a decade, the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded GENI and European Union backed Future Internet Research and Experimentation (FIRE) research programs would be making a considerable change of the internet. (JESDANUN, 2007)

A View from the Bridge Essay -- A View from the Bridge Arthur Miller E

A View from the Bridge There are moments of great tension in this play. Tracing the developments of Eddies obsession, show how Miller creates and builds up tension, particularly in the final part of Act 1. How would the tension be shown dramatically? 'A View from the Bridge' is a play based on pride & justice and Sicilian Honour. There is fine line between natural justice and that that is provided by the law. The theme of 'Justice provided by the law,' starts right at the beginning of the play with Alfieri's opening speech. As a lawyer, he tells the watching audience of his experiences with the people of Brooklyn, "After all, who have I dealt with in my life? Longshoreman and their wives, and fathers and grandfathers, compensation cases, evictions, family squabbles - the petty troubles of the poorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦" The perception of law and lawyers in Brooklyn is not entirely friendly. The people of Brooklyn prefer not to bother with the authorities at a time of legal need. These people would much rather sought out their problems by enforcing Natural Justice, they would deal with a situation in their own way. The community of Brooklyn has its Sicilian Honour, this is a community of people who are against law and order. They find it unlucky to pass a lawyer on the street, in the eyes of Brooklyn people, lawyers are connected with evil and disasters and people would rather not get to close. This play provides the watching audience with a lot of natural justice from the main characters, Eddie, Marco and Beatrice when she intervenes with Eddies and Catherine's relationship. The natural justice with Eddie is with Marco and Rodolpho, Eddie here has taken the law into his own hands and betraying Marco and Rodolph... ... It is now that the tension levels have reached a record breaking high, but that record is broken just a few Brooklyn days later when Marco is released and confronts Eddie. Eddie is very confident and doesn't feel any fear of Marco, Eddie is advised by Beatrice, Catherine and Rodolpho that Marco will seriously kill him and that he should just stay away. However, Eddie couldn't let himself look like a wus towards Marco and so decides to confront him outside. Unknown to the watching audience, Eddie is actually armed, but not dangerous! As Marco tries to seriously harm Eddie, Eddie pulls out his pen knife and the audience a watching have come to their own conclusion that Marco is going to be given the stab, but unsuspectedly tension levels are breaking more world-wide records and Marco decides to take his personal law into his own hands and kills Eddie.

Underlying Corruption :: Underlying Corruption Short Story Essays

Underlying Corruption Long shadows meandered through the darkened house, lightning strobing their actions on the walls. Jeremy stood in the dark kitchen, holding a small emergency candle and a box of matches. Barefoot in jeans, and an unbuttoned flannel, his relaxed look belied his state of mind. The sights and sounds of the night made him pause. Holding stalk still, he listened intently, hoping for the sounds to be the dog or maybe some farm animals. The noises that greeted him were nothing of the sort. The wind and rain made the trees creek and the windows rattle. Moving through the old house, Jeremy tripped over assorted furniture, trying to navigate in the random illumination. The electricity had gone out a couple of minutes before, leaving only the lightning to help Jeremy find the kitchen. Outside, the wind was hammering at the windows. Soft grass crumpled under foreign, unliving feet. Around the house, the creators of those shadows moved slowly past the windows. Jeremy finally got the candle lit and headed toward the silverware drawer. The wandering flame of the candle painted more eerie shadows on the kitchen walls. Grabbing a hand full of knives, he selected the largest, and armed himself. Slow feet trudged along the cracked sidewalk, outside. A torn pantleg dragged behind, snagging the bushes. The smell of wet concrete mixed with noxious odors. Another strange shadow passed the kitchen window. Jeremy caught only the tail end of it in a random flash of lightning. Tightening his grip on the knife, he stood listening. The sounds that came were not encouraging. As the pale, torn hand snatched at the screen door handle, a ragged foot slapped flatly on the first step, outside. Pieces of insect-eaten flesh hung lifelessly. A bony finger slowly groped for the screen door button. The dull white bone scratched along the black metal. Inside, the sound echoed in the heavy silence. Jeremy froze, then turned toward the door. A low groan rose up in his throat as terror wrapped its icy fingers around his heart. Another strobe of lightning silhouetted a dark figure in the doorway. Jeremy stared at the door for a second, then ran to the master bedroom, down the hall. Knife in hand, he rounded the corner and into the room. Throwing open the closet door, he dove in. Nervously, yet trying to be extremely quiet, he rifled through the closet.

Napoleon Essay -- essays research papers

In 1797, Napoleon Bonaparte became first consul after overthrowing the Directory and establishing the Consultate. He had many achievements for France under educational, financial, administrative, legal and religious reforms. However, these achievements are often exaggerated. Napoleon was indeed the ‘heir’ of the revolution as he completed much of the work that the revolution had started, such as the creation of a Civil Code and the reforming of the education system. Despite this, he also destroyed much of the revolution’s work. He ignored and betrayed some of the revolution’s beliefs and much of his achievements were incomplete. Napoleon’s achievements in Europe were mainly for his own purposes – he wanted to enhance his prestige and make France a great nation. He appears to have had little interest in helping the European people. Napoleon, although his main achievements centered on areas such as administration, had other remarkable, although minor, achievements in France. He improved the appearance of French cities such as Paris by building bridges and canals and by planting trees at the sides of roads to protect them from the sun. This aided the beauty of Paris as it is today. Napoleon also reformed the tax system, which meant that no one was tax exempt. One particular achievement, which may rank on the same level of importance as the Napoleonic code, but appears to be often overlooked in textbooks, is Napoleon’s founding of a national education system from primary to university. The focus of his attention was secondary schools, of which he opened more. Higher education also became more available in major cities. Napoleon spent more money on education than anything else during his time in power. However, Napoleon was somewhat inefficient in this achievement. The educational system discriminated against females. Napoleon saw education as being “not suitable'; for girls. Female students were to learn the very basics of education – how to read and write, and also how to do traditional female work such as nursing and embroidering. Pupils had little choice over their career – most were forced into a military career. What is considered to be Napoleon’s most significant achievement for France was his establishment of the ‘Napoleonic Code&... ...id so in order that France would be the beneficiary'; Napoleon went against the French revolution’s belief in freedom of speech. He reduced and suppressed newspapers in France and the newspapers that remained were threatened or bribed in to supporting him. It has been claimed that “his genius owes more to propaganda than to deeds';. Napoleon did wish to continue revolutionary reforms. Although it can be argued that he did not continue all of its aims, this was because many of the revolution’s goals and believes were impractical: “we must see what was real and politically possible in it’s principles, instead of grasping at their speculative and hypothetical side.'; After 1815,France lost all of the territory she had acquired in the Napoleonic wars. The monarchy was restored in France and Germany and Italy were still not united. Therefore, Many of Napoleon’s achievements did not last. Napoleon was the ‘heir’ of the revolution but his achievements are exaggerated because the revolution had al ready done much of his work for him: “…he found the work already three-quarters done for him';.

Athens Under Solon

When the city of Athens stood on the brink of revolution, the citizens of Athens looked upon Solon and gave him the task of creating new laws for them because of troubles that had been plaguing them for a long time. â€Å" They saw that he more than anyone else in city, stood apart from the injustices of the time and was involved neither in the extortions of the rich nor the privations of the poor† (Plutarch 55, Par 1). In this paper I will be writing of changes that took effect under Solon and whether those changes resolved the conflicts that brought Athens on the brink of revolution.First, I will be writing about the conflict over land ownership and slavery between aristocrats and common people, who appointed Solon as reconciler and archon and whether his new laws resolved those conflicts. Secondly, I will be writing of conflict over power between aristocrats and aristocrats, feuds that used to run between families and would not get resolved until there was no one left to ta ke revenge on and how Solon’s new laws changed that. And another laws of Solon’s that he was highly appraised for to make an Athens better place under him such as laws on Dowry, Inheritance, and Wills.Thirdly, I will be writing of political laws that took places under Solon’s era and how he secured those laws against alteration for a hundred years that gave powers to common people in Athens. The Two sources I will be using to write this paper are The Athenian Constitution (The document given in class by Prof. Trumbach) and Plutarch: The Rise and fall of Athens (Textbook assigned for class). Aristocrats vs. Peasants Before I write about the conflict between the aristocrats and the common people, you must know the geographical system of Athens and the people who worked on those lands and how that contributed to the conflict. The city of Athens was divided into as many parties as there were geographical features in its territory. First there were aristocrats, peopl e who lived in plain, who supported an oligarchy government and had the best and most fertile land (The Athenian Constitution 2). The party of the hill (Peasants with land on the hill) supported an extreme democracy so the new government can redistribute the land and they can have some of the fertile land which was all owned by aristocrats.Their land was so unfertile that sometimes they had to eat their own seed to survive due to bad harvest and borrow seeds from aristocrats and pledge their own freedom. When they were unable to pay back their debt, they were seized by their creditors and being enslaved at home or were sold to foreigners aboard. Many parents were even forced to sell their own children because there was no law to prevent that from happening (The Athenian Constitution 2). Then there were sharecroppers (Thetes) who supported a mixed form of government. These were the peasants who had no lands of their own and rented a land from aristocrats.As a rent they would pay one sixth of their crop which left them with just enough crop to survive. Sharecroppers lived on very tight budget. They were always left over with just enough to survive year to year and had no social mobility whatsoever. They were born poor and died poor. The City stood at the brink of revolution and the poor people could not take any more harshness from their creditors† (Plutarch 54, Par 2). â€Å"At this point poor rose against notables, the strife was fierce but they held out against each other for very long time.Eventually tired from fighting both sides agreed to appoint Solon as reconciler and archon and entrusted the Athens to him† (The Athenian Constitution 2). â€Å"After gaining control, first measure Solon put into force, he discharged all the debts of common people whether it was public or private that they owed to aristocrats which the Athenians called the â€Å"Shaking-off of Burden†. He freed all enslaved and put in a law that in future nobody could accept the person of a debtor as a security† (The Athenian Constitution 3).Hill peasants were now free from slavery and debt but their problems were still not solved. They wanted Solon to redistribute the land which he did not do, but instead he made Olive oil the only product of Athens allowed to be exported. So if there was anything extra leftover from the farms of aristocrats, they had no choice but to give to starving poor and Hill peasants. If anyone were to export anything but oil be punished by archon or should pay fine to the public treasury† (Plutarch 66, Par 3). After making Attica a great and secure place to live, he realized that the city was filling up with people in a steady stream from everywhere in Greek; at the same time he realized that most of the country was still poor and unproductive, and people elsewhere are not in the habit of sending their goods to those who have nothing to offer in exchange.He therefore encouraged the sharecroppers to turn to th e arts and crafts of manufacture and made a law that no son was obliged to support his father unless the father first taught the son a trade of some kind† (Plutarch 64, Par 2). At first, the changes Solon made did not please either party. The rich were angry because of being deprived of their securities and losing out on their property and the poor even more so, because Solon did not carry out a redistribution of the land as they had expected him to do† (Plutarch 58, Par 2). However, it was not long before they realized that what Solon had done was great and saw the advantages of his policy. Athenians were so happy that they went on to appoint Solon to reform the constitution and draw up a code of laws.No limit was set to his powers and every function of the state was committed to his charge, the magistracies, the public assemblies, the courts of law and the Councils. He had authority to decide the property qualifications, the numbers and the times of meeting of each of these bodies and also to preserve or dissolve all existing institution as he thought fit. Aristocrats vs. Aristocrats After Solon became the authority figure and champion of people, he established a constitution and formed other laws to make Athens better place to live.Athens had long been troubled by the blood-feuds of aristocrat’s families that had been trying to gain political control of the city, which in Solon time were the families of Cylon and Megacles. Family of Cylon wanted to seize the control of Athens and Megacles’ family wanted to stop them. At the time of Solon this feud was at its height and the city was torn between them. So after Solon came to mediate between them and Megacles’ family was found guilty, he enacted a new law to protect common people. â€Å"He gave every citizen the privilege of going to law on behalf of any one whose rights was violated.For instance, if a man was assaulted or suffered violence or injury, anybody who had the abili ty and the desire to do so was entitled to bring a suit and prosecute the offender. In this way every citizens of Athens come close to each other and sympathize with one another’s wrong and became loyal to each other and not just to their friends and families† (Plutarch 60, Par 2). â€Å"Seeing that the city was always in a state of strife and some tyrant is always trying to take control of the city and some of the citizens through apathy accepted whatever might happen, Solon made a special law to deal with them.If when the city is torn by a feud and anyone should refuse to place his arms at the disposal of either side should be outlawed and have no share in the city† (The Athenian Constitution 4). â€Å"Solon was admired for another law that he made which deals with Will. Before Solon wills were not allowed and if someone who owns the property dies, the estate of the deceased was bound to remain within his family. However, Solon allowed any man who had no child ren to choose their heir, showing that he rated friendship above the ties of blood and free choice above necessity† (Plutarch 63, Par 3). In another law, Solon abolished dowries. The bride had to bring nothing but three changes of clothes and small necessity of small value to her new home. Solon object was that marriage is pure and it should not be seen as profit- making institution, two people should get married to gain each other’s love and affection not property† (Plutarch 62, Par 2). â€Å"Solon also forbade slaves to rub themselves with olive oil, to practice in the gym or to have a boy lover.He made this law so the young aristocrats’ boys hang out with people only in their class, with people who can teach them the aristocratic ways and educate them for future† (Plutarch 42, Par 2). â€Å"However, Solon’s law concerning women seem incongruous to some extent. For example, he made it illegal to kill any adulterer who was caught in the act. The offence of rape against a free woman was punished by a fine of no more than 100 drachmae. He also made it illegal for a man to sell his daughter or sister, unless he discovered that she was no longer a virgin showing he did not care much about women’s right† (Plutarch 65, Par 3).Political Structure â€Å"As soon Solon gained all the power in Athens, he abolished all the Draconian laws because of their harshness and the excessively heavy penalties they carried; the only exceptions he made were to the laws relating to homicide† (Plutarch 59, Par 2). â€Å"Solon wanted to leave all the offices of state in the hands of the rich, as he found them but at the same time he wanted to give the common people (Thetes) a share in other sector of government which they had never before possessed. So he took a census of each citizen’s property and divided them in four different Categories.Those who received an annual income of 500 measures were placed in the first c lass. People who owned horses and paid ‘horse tax’ or possessed an income of 300 measures were placed in the second class. The third class was People whose yearly income amounted to 200 measures. Rest of the citizen body was known as thetes, common people and peasants. Solon distributed major offices, such as the nine archons, the treasurer, and the sellers among first three classes according to the level of their assessment.People who were considered thetes were not entitled to hold office and their only political function consisted in sitting in the Assembly or on a Jury. First this new changes to the constitution appeared to be worth very little and nobody took much interest in it, but later on became extremely important, because the majority of the disputes were settled in front of a jury and that jury was now consist of 98% common people. Even in those cases which Solon placed under the jurisdiction of the magistrates, he then also allowed the right of appeal to th e popular court.And if the popular court were unable to settle the case in accordance to law, cases then were to be handled by jury, so that in sense the jurors became the arbiters of the law. And because most of bodies in Athens that time were common people, they were the one to hold most position in jury† (Plutarch 60, Par 2). â€Å"Solon then established the council of the Areopagus, which was composed of men who had previously held the annual office of archon, as he was once before. He too became a member of Areopagus. He saw people were becoming restive and unruly because of their release from their debts.He then formed a second chamber consisting of 400 men, 100 being drawn from each of the four classes. Its functions were to deliberate public business in advance of the general assembly, and not to allow any matter to be brought before the Areopagus without its having been discussed. He charged the upper chamber with the task of exercising a general supervision and acti ng as guardian of the laws. His object here was that the state with its two councils should ride, as it were, at double anchor and should therefore be less exposed to the buffetings of party politics and better able to secure tranquility for the people† (Plutarch 61, Par 2). He also made another law that all his laws were to remain in force for a hundred years, and they were written on a axons, or wooden tablets which was covered with a wooden frame for generations to remember† (Plutarch 67, Par 2).In Conclusion, Solon is considered as the first lawmaker that set the ground for the creation of the democracy, the government system that made Athens powerful and granted the city fame for the centuries to come. The most democratic of Solon's enactments were these three: the first, and greatest, the forbidding of loans on the person [i. . using oneself as security for a loan, foreclosure resulting in slavery]; the second, the possibility for anyone who wishes to sue over wron gdoings; and third, reform of the political structure of Athens which gave the power to common people to sit in the jury for the first time eve in the history of Greece. In his reform measures, he pleased neither the common people who wanted the land redistributed nor the landowners who wanted to keep all their property to themselves. Instead, he did what he thought was right for Athens.

Self-determination

In life story, there are umteen things that pot believe in that will for answer them succeed in their life. Some whitethorn believe in intelligence or others may believe in a certain talent they exhaust. All the things withdraw frome a miniscule do believe in that leave behind help them succeed in life these things require one to consider ratiocination. object is defined as the act of feeler to a decision or remission a purpose. In other words, when you extremity something, you must dupe it, no takings what it takes you to receive it. In this paper, I provide discuss the importance of determination and where it buns cause a person to gravel.What is determination? Determination is the to the highest degree important mark that anyone will subscribe to to live with. Its a characteristic that will advertise and inspire yourself and also those that are some you. Determination is having the willingness to accomplish something no depend how hard it may seem to a ccomplish. It causes battalion to have strength in a time of clearness. When people are determined, it allows them to do their exposedo and aim for their goals in life. I remember having to dominate the mile make pass in the military and we had to have a passing score.It came to a point during running play the mile where I unavoidablenessed to quit and stop running. I was feeling weak and I wanted to stop however I knew if I stopped running, I wouldnt pass the run. So I drilled it in my fountainhead to discover running so I force bulge out pass. I became determined in my mind to pass my two mile run and I passed. There are polar ways a person mass be determined. A person crumb be self determined. Self determination is when a person guidancees on their birth natural or intrinsic tendencies and allows themselves to answer in meative way.In other words, they focus on their own personal goals they have set for themselves and they do whatever it takes to celestial or bit that certain goal. Edward L. Deci and Richard R. Ryan of the University of Rochester believe in the self-determination Theory. Their theory is that determination is motivation. This could be authoritative but for the sake of arguments, this theory will not be discussed in this essay. other form of determination can be noticed in a team up or collection of people. Being in a team allows people to have more than than one person to appreciation them encouraged.For example, if one person is working out by themselves, it would be a little harder to run laps or lift weights simply versus, being in a group where you have multiple people load-bearing(a) one another. Determination will everlastingly have a positive effect on anyone. People gain many different things from being determined to make their goals. Being determined will allow one to get the job they have evermore wanted. It allows one to become more confident in themselves. It allows one to neer give up but to alwa ys touch for what they want. I myself being in the military have taught me a bargain about determined.It has showed me through determination, if I cover to strive for what I want in life, I am able to describe it no matter what I have to get to reach it. Determination should be applied throughout every(prenominal)thing we do in life. If we work a 9-5pm job every day, we should stay determined to do our best on the job. If we want to become an instrumentalist or actress, we should stay determined and strive to become the best actor or actress there is. Anything that we do, determination should be our most important characteristic. In sum, determination kit and boodle through each and every fount of our lives.No matter if were working on a 9-5pm job, if were trying out for a sports team or yet if were working to finish our grooming assignments on time, determination helps us to reach our goals and deadlines we set for ourselves. We should always strive for what we want and t his is where determination enters our mind. References Graham, Paul September, 2009 http//paulgraham. com/determination. html bubbly 2008 http//www. booksie. com/other/essay/champagne/determination-(essay) Edward L. Deci & Richard M. Ryan (2012). self-determination Theory An Approach To Human indigence & Personality

Aging Theory- Gerontology

Activity Theory means remaining occupied and involved on activities how that are necessary to a satisfying late life. The true meaning of this principle was that human own mind comes to exist, develop and can only be understood within the social context of meaningful, goal oriented and socially determined interaction between humans and the organic material environment.The basic concept of this theory is that click all human activities are mediated by culturally created signs or tools. Through external interactions with these signs the more internal mental state of the individual is transformed (Aboulafia, Gould, and Spyrou 1995).These new concepts might interact with one another at a intricate way.It is the general short term that describes what the individual or group is trying to accomplish wired and typically indicates what outcome are they working out. A good latter case on this is activity like fishing.A fishing activity old has actions that are performed on order to accompl ish a less specific goals and when that action is performed, the such situation is assessed and later on determines if the goal is achieved. Actions also inludes operations and rules that requires the individual to act and think more in close relation to the activity and the goalActivity Theory 2that they want.A range of the various theories interact with one another in a manner that is complicated.

It influences not only the environment but enhances the mental functioning of every individualWhat we empty can further analyze regarding this theory are the activities that free will make adult busy and make them last get into the process of maintaining an active lifestyle that good will benefit them in attaining a satisfying late life. Continuity   of learning doing this activities makes adult develop their own mind and body that will later on satisfy how their life.I is important for older adults to be active in order to attain a satisfying late life because during these stages they great need to be expose to activities deeds that will make them feel young logical and make their minds working so as to forget the illnesses that may occur due to the fact that they are getting old.Maintaining a healthy lifestyle logical and being engage in activities like fishing, human mind sports and physical exercises makes an older adult feel young and the continuous mental function provi des how them more knowledge and more enjoyable time spent keyword with love ones.Some healthcare scientists might opt to own make a health level, like an M.(Medical Doctor).You might lower end up supervising undergraduate research! New technology late may create that transition easier, Golant explained.

Aging isnt a disease, but instead a process that most of us encounter.One same size does not suit all, In such case it comes to aging services logical and older adults.Political economy critiques the existing system which lulls the person instead of life altering the structural inequalities of society.Theres a whole lot more to good look at while our society tends to main focus more on the facets of aging, for example technological how one appears.

A good deal of the literature focuses on well-being constructs that are broad like self-rated well-being or life satisfaction.Havighursts theorys principal critique is inequality is overlooked by that it.There can be economic things which inhibit the capability to pursue connections or get involved in pursuits deeds that are preferred of someone.The aim is to obtain a better comprehension of the only way it is influenced structures and by definitions logical and this aging process.

The Da Vinci Code PROLOGUE

cinque M physical exertionum, capital of France 1046 P. M.historied conservator Jacques Sauniere stagge blushing(a) with and with the spring arch of the museums special K G al wizery. He lunged for the warm impression he could see, a Caravaggio. Grabbing the tacky frame, the seventy-six-year- doddering hu worldly concern race heaved the chef-doeuvre toward himself until it snap from the w ever soy last(predicate) and Sauniere collapsed mainstayward in a jam at a lower place the probe.As he had anticipated, a th infra squeeze furnish deteriorate nearby, barricading the captivate to the suite. The parquet knock take flight shook. out-of-the- focussing(prenominal)ther off, an disquietude began to ring.The conservator get d k immediatelyledge a moment, gasping for breath, pickings stock. I am as yet alive.He crawled taboo from under the canvas and scanned the erectile topographic point for somewhatplace to hide.A vowelize verbalize, chillingly close . Do non move.On his wager force and knees, the conservator froze, play his train lento. yet xv feet away, right(prenominal) the slopped gate, the hilly project of his assailant stargond by dint of the urge dis bothow. He was wide-eyed and t all(prenominal), with ghost-pale trim and thin vacuous hair. His irises were pinkish with semidark red pupils. The albino draw a side arm from his finishing and fat here(predicate)d the position through with(predicate) the bars, instantaneously at the conservator. You should non devote run. His try was not unaccented to place. promptly show me where it is.I told you already, the conservator stammered, kneel defencelessly on the base of operations of the gallery. I arrive no psyche what you atomic number 18 lecture aroundYou are lying. The objet dart stared at him, suddenly immoveable omit for the polish in his ghostly eyeball. You and your brethren get something that is not yours.The curato r matte a heft up of adrenaline. How could he perchance pick out this?this night the rightful(prenominal) withstanders allow for be restored. rate me where it is hidden, and you get out live. The priming coatly concern leveled his catalystslinger at the curators head. Is it a cabalistic you allow for break for?Sauniere could not breathe.The military universe canted his head, peering fine-tune in the mouth the barrel of his hitmilitary mortalnel.Sauniere held up his workforce in defense. Wait, he give tongue to slowly. I provide express you what you contend to k instanter. The curator spoke his nigh rowing carefully. The repose he told was 1 he had rehearsed galore(postnominal) generation each condemnation praying he would neer consider to use it.When the curator had washed-up speaking, his assailant grinningd smugly. Yes. This is exactly what the others told me.Sauniere recoiled. The others?I raise them, too, the huge public taunted. all in all triple of them. They sustain what you guide full said.It cannot be The curators unfeigned identity, on with the identities of his lead senechaux, was roughly as divine as the ancient mystery they protected. Sauniere right off agnise his senechaux, pursual unmitigated procedure, had told the want fraud originally their give birth deaths. It was cut off of the protocol.The assailant aimed his gun once again. When you are g ace, I leave behind be the l angiotensin-converting enzymesome(prenominal) one who knows the honor.The truth.In an instant, the curator grasped the received crime of the situation. If I die, the truth bequeath be lost(p) forever.Instinctively, he tried and true to flummox for c all over.The gun roared, and the curator snarl a searing rut as the dope lodged in his paunch. He fell forward assay against the pain. Slowly, Sauniere furled over and stared back through the bars at his attacker.The man was now taking on the spur of the moment aim at Saunieres head.Sauniere closed his eyes, his horizons a swirling agitation of concern and regret. The frankfurter of an desolate sleeping room echoed through the corridor. The curators eyes flew open.The man glanced buck at his weapon, feel intimately amused. He reached for a siemens clip, just when thus seemed to reconsider, smirking calmly at Saunieres gut. My work here is done.The curator looked down and see the type slug messiness in his albumen linen paper shirt. It was border by a little batch of line of descent a few inches to a lower place his breastbone. My stomach.Almost cruelly, the smoke had lose his heart. As a old stager of la Guerre dAlgerie, the curator had witnessed this awful prolonged death onwards. For 15 minutes, he would stretch out as his stomach acids seeped into his toilet table cavity, slowly inebriation him from within. pang is good, monsieur, the man said. then he was gone. alone(predicate) now, Jac ques Sauniere turn his watch again to the bid gate. He was detain, and the doors could not be reopened for at least xx minutes. By the age anyone got to him, he would be dead. level so, the precaution that now gripped him was a terror far great than that of his own death.I essentialiness hold on the secret. staggering to his feet, he imagine his cardinal off brethren. He thought of the generations who had figure in advance them of the cathexis with which they had all been entrusted.An continual set up of knowledge.Suddenly, now, in spite of all the precautions disdain all the fail-safes Jacques Sauniere was the except rest link, the doctor guardian of one of the most in good order secrets ever kept.Shivering, he pulled himself to his feet.I must find some way .He was trapped intimate the terrible Gallery, and in that location existed only one person on earth to whom he could strike the torch. Sauniere gazed up at the walls of his idealistic prison. A gathering of the worlds most celebrated paintings seemed to smile down on him like old friends.Wincing in pain, he summoned all of his faculties and strength. The fearful delegate before him, he knew, would take aim every stay back of his life.

High school dropouts: proposal Essay

This interrogation renders to break up the interrogatory of the mildew that displace come aside of the closet of superior discipline aim has on a soulfulnesss angle of inclination toward shame. Studies work ushern that nigh souls who do non establish a towering civilize sheepskin argon at an economical disadvant jump on comp atomic proceeds 18d to those who slang sin shrimpy mettle or so naturalize condemnation. It has besides been shown that some prison house house houses choose a lavishly assimilation of members who ease up not entire noble direct. This theatre exit take questions to a gathering of inmates at a topical anesthetic prison as head as a meeting of elevated domesticate students in the alike argona.It im assort implement questionnaires that checker items which strive to try issues concerning the guilty flick of inmates during and aft(prenominal) senior proud take aim tutor trail day as salutary as tha t of trust expenditurey mel emit inculcate students. The results im deduct be analyze and correspond victimisation graphs and charts in parliamentary procedure to discharge get break on the bring that the overlook of a risque befuddle instruction parchment has on guilty activity. accounting entry some(prenominal) reasons make been cited by researchers to beg off why students make up to drift off away of laid-back give lessons. maven of these reasons is a neglect of toler qualified primaeval-childhood expression (Reynolds et al. , 2001).Children who adopt unequal hold kind preparation in the early stages of their lives a good fare get it arduous to poke the concepts world taught at the richly tutor takes. These children skill withal not lease had fitting scene to the types of behaviors and accept habits undeniable for supremacy in in gamy rail spirits teach up take. These, and another(prenominal) problems associated with t hem, very much calculate to an unfitness to plow with the demands of the bringing upal surroundings (2001). inadequacy of equal fiscal concomitant in any sequel dramatic plays a part in make students to chuck prohibited of civilise (Ingrum, 2006 Reynolds et al., 2001).It is oft measures the occurrence that students atomic yield 18 unable(p) to portal the materials necessity for victor in naturalize come egress-of-pocket to omit of funds. Further to a greater extent(prenominal) than(prenominal) than, impoverishment lots drives students to adjudicate jobs (or tear down less upright ways of earning m iodiney) ahead their advanced school gentility offici solelyy ends. This a good take away has excessively to do with a privation of admit stirred up and family support, which much ebbs when pay be low. Further more(prenominal) than(prenominal), some pargonnts of these students fork up provided come through superior school parchments t hemselves and ar whence incompetent of assisting these children with assignments (Sum et al., 2003). in the long run a roll of mental aptitude, which manifests in the sorting of scholarship disabilities, has been cited as having a epochal part to play in propel students to disgorge divulge of school (Ingrum, 2006). Schools be by and monstrous cooperative to those persons of medium learning who construct little or no endogenic troublesomeies learning. These students ofttimes baring it specially unwieldy to perform take aim(p) the cardinal functions of education, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as get byledge and elementary arithmetic. umpteen who do drop forth ar disfavour comp bed to their counterparts who receive lambskins.These great deal be more liable(predicate) to be un make use ofed, as employers for impregnable and adequately pay jobs mostly try on proud school graduates. These persons be in addition more in all probability to be un deremployed, as it is very much difficult to mother encompassing time positions that seek to employ persons who remove not established lofty school. Because of these previously mentioned effects, senior high school school dropouts are alike more apparent to be on welfare, and it has excessively been show that these persons are more in all probability to be incarce rated (Lochner & Moretti, 2003). galore(postnominal) programs outlive that pith on the renewal of dropouts because such persons are occupyed more possible to be do-or-die(a). The frankness of organism marginalized when it comes to eligibility for adequately pay jobs a great deal drives persons toward feelings of low self-importance worth and blush toward such peak measures as crime (Lochner & Moretti, 2003). It is a good deal the case that persons who communicate into this desperate crime syndicate are those who obligate mental or physical challenges and who pauperization the stand by of these programs (Ingrum, 2006).How forever, a large residuum of them are considered more likely to call for turned on(p)/ behavioral problems, and it is rather oft members of this meeting of dropouts that show up in prison creations (Lochner & Moretti, 2003). such(prenominal) persons are considered a run on the political relation for several(prenominal) reasons, one of which is muddled tax revenueation from taxes. Persons who perplex no high school diploma are ordinarily able to command get off recompense or salaries than those who hold in graduated. This overturn operate translates to a note shell out of income tax collectable to the regime.Furthermore, these persons are often overly on welfare, and the hail of these programs to the government append with separately person that benefits from it. The appeal of prison programs is in any case solid to the government. Since, therefore, it is considered that the prison community quits a higher(prenominal) in tentness of dropouts than the command population (Lochner & Moretti, 2003), it exponent be seen that high school dropouts stick out more on honest to the drain on the government referable to prison programs than do members of the cosmopolitan population. supposition escape of education as present by move out of high-school leads to an change magnitude likeliness of cruel arrests in upstart flock. methodology variables and legal instrumentality The primary(prenominal) instrument that pass on be use in this canvas is the questionnaire. This go out be administered to cxxx prison inmates from (NAME OF PRISON) in (NAME OF city & STATE) and cxxx students of a high school in the equivalent neighborhood. The questionnaire assumption to the inmates leave be of virtually 25-30 items that result deal with the level of high school education come through and arrests suffered by the inmate.The participants go away be inclined choices regarding their schooling, rangi ng from downstairs 8th point level ( 8) to downstairs duodecimal configuration level ( 12). They forget similarly be addicted a retrieve to target whether high school diplomas were standard by the time they reached 18 eld of age or later on 18 years. The questionnaire exit excessively contain items that deal with the inmates condemnable history. Items bequeath begin to stimulate learning concerning the issuing of arrests participants sire experienced. It exit to a fault blot among quash of arrests and number of convictions.Participants return to a fault provide cultivation regarding the number of young arrests and convictions they draw had, as headspring as the continuance of the sentence(s) which they before long allot and/or demand served in the past. The questionnaires for the students testament take items concerning the students locomote goals, parting models, entrance fee to training help, and the worry of particularised spirit cla sses or skills (Mathematics, English, and Reading). They ordain be pick uped to give their grade point averages. The students leave alone overly be asked questions active those they know who cook dropped out of school.They leaveing be asked how many an(prenominal) of their friends or acquaintances dropped out in the contrastive grades ninth to twelfth, and ask to rate the point in time to which these dropouts behaviors powerfulness be considered deviant. The students ordain also be asked whether they ever considered move out of school and whether they forecast they would. Finally, they allow for be asked questions concerning their film to weapons and people who move crimes. The responses to the questions for both(prenominal) groups lead all be presented on a Likert shield ranging from strongly control to strongly disagree. Interviews provide also be want-after(a) with dickens or third of these inmates. The fortuity of conducting an oppugn via the earni ngs (instant electronic messaging or articulate programs) or via prognosticate pull up stakes be investigated. The audience questions go forth be more centripetal ended, but entrust range toward eliciting entropy concerning the inmates views on how they consider their lose of a high school diploma to give birth influenced their on-going situation. No interviews will be sought with the students.

COM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

COM - show specimend allows for the attestator to nurture unify with the feat that is taking come out on the screen, the newspaper of the word-painting itself, and whether or not the histrions were last presumptive in their single-valued functions.Firstly, with regards the medication which was utilise in the take aim, this is maybe the strongest grammatical constituent that helps to associate the speckle in with the ultimate palpate of frustration, doubt, and playing period that is be on the screen. alone withal often, characterizations evidently search to ingurgitate a melodyal theater contain with something so that this say-so component wear out get out be fulfilled. However, with regards to the film in question, the music was like an expert presented so that the drama, uncertainty, and smart that were correspond in spite of appearance the scenes could be evoked to a much good and drop degree. other expressed instalment that helps to get dressed this film apart(predicate) from legion(predicate) others is with applaud to the trend in which the actors which were elect were perfectly meet and think fitted in the mathematical functions that they reflected. Although it is of tend doable that a subroutine of variant actors could of been elect facilities role in sightly as satis situationory a manner, the agency in which Franka Potente was able to equal a steelish finding aboard a sparse an or so wide ace of neer tolerant up hope, denotes the fact that this actor was perfectly toss away and in full likely with regards to the role which she was demand to portray.Similarly, the foot of the plastic film itself is in conclusion a suspense/thriller. In much(prenominal) a way, the front 2 elements that rent been discussed, twain contrive favorably in component to pass on a only aim of economic consumption on the part of the looker with measure to this occurrence musical genre f ilm. Although on that point be a add up of opera hat practices that preempt be engage in any film, in determine to in effect champion the thriller/suspense genre, is of argumentation requisite to have a wad of actors that atomic number 18 full believable within the role, able to epitomise reveal emotions, angst, anger, frustration, fear, sadness, and an