Research In Regard To Shoplifting Psychology Essay

inquiry In Regard To Shoplifting Psychology EssayIn critically reexaminationing the enquiry in gaze to sponsorlifting through with(p) by the security manager, a definition of question will be utter and the following aspects will be analysed and critiqued. Initially, through by the essay the manager would be complemented for taking the opening night to verbalise a seek founded on a concern to deal with work shrinkage, and the inquiry methodologies employ to examine the problem. This would be followed by a critical analysis to identify the strength and weaknesses, set startning with examining the first stage of the investigations which looks at the look problems to determine if the former provided a good argument for the look. The essay will focus on the following, a literature review to determine if the research worker reviewed sufficient cultivation before conducting the research. Methods apply during the snitch for of the check over are in compliance with es tablished theories a great deal(prenominal) as qualitative, which include uncrystallised interviews, ceremony study, overly a comparison mingled with qualitative and quantitative research methods. In addition limited attention will be paid to the data gather upion methods unitedly with the examination of existing info and the ethical violations by the researcher which compromised the severity and reliability of the investigation. The final sermon and interpretation to determine of the decision of the research to determine if the preaching fit with the data imperturbable, taking into adoptation if some(prenominal) limitations were encountered which could cod influenced the discussion from presenting a logical based result.Research by definition, according to the (Merriam-Webster online Dictionary) states it is a studious inquiry or examination especially, investigations or experimentations aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theor ies or laws in the inflammation of new facts, or practical application of such(prenominal) new or revised theories or laws The pile up of info ab let on a particular field of battle.Research ProblemAll security managers should be complimented for the initiative to conduct a research which would avail in examining and addressing some of the concerns they were faced with in their organization. On the former(a) hand, in the initial stage of either research in that location are some fundamental stages that motif to be followed in order for the research report to be truly noteworthy. The author indicated the objective for his research was to study shoplifting by costumers and focus on a number of new(prenominal) aspects within the store. These include the volume of shoplifting, the influence of the new CCTV equipment on such and why mountain actually shoplift. When conducting research it is grand to identify the following What exactly unmatched wants to study? Why it is worth studying? Does the proposed study stick show up to our general understanding of crime or its policy response? (Maxfield Babbie, 2008111). The researcher should alike begin by clearly identifying the problem and providing a good argument for signifi stackce and determining its relevance (Rodgers (1997). The manager take to ac familiarity that in order to achieve the objective of each research report, in that location are guidelines that ought to be meticulously evaluated in conducting such an exercise.Literature ReviewAn acknowledgement of some antecedent research on shoplifting previously done is noteworthy. However, the managers opinion that none for the particular shop was done, and earlier research was not relevant, to the existing research, could seriously put the study at a disadvantage. One of the most important elements in the beginning of a research project is the literature review. accord to (Hart 1998 cited in Bell 200899) without it, you will not acquire an unde rstanding of your topic, of what has already been done on it, how it has been researched, and what are the key issues. A literature review proposes to offer an overview of relevant literature published on the topic, taking the four stages into consideration. Problem formulation, which considers the topic beingness examined and what are the component issues, literature research includes finding materials relevant to the subject being explored, data paygrade to determine which literature makes a signifi dirty dogt contribution to understanding the topic, and analysis and interpretation of the findings and conclusion of apposite literature.(Department of Criminology,2010).The absence of a literature review from the research denied the author critical development that could eat assisted in addressing the concerns of shop lifting at the store and a guide for the project.Research MethodAs a consequence of the number of things under consideration by the researcher with regard to shop lifting at the store, research methods needed to be developed for the study. These take into account using all the necessary processes to achieve the dress hat outcome (Schutt 200416) states a researcher potful get a clearer picture of the social acceptedity being studied by viewing it observed his method included the use of quantitative research by making use of ordained data and questionnaires in addition to qualitative data by having interviews, also observation studies. twain qualitative and quantitative methods are useful and legitimate. And some research situation and topics subscribe elements of both approaches (Maxfield Babbie, 200826). The importance of research methods should not be under imagined, when seeking to find answers or correct a problem of a social reality. Hence research methodologies form an integral part of each research to be conducted, which has the key to observing the homogeneous thing from a different viewpoint.Qualitative researchThe official d ata utilize to determine the volume of shoplifting at the shop were computerised records of inventory taken into the shop as compared to goods sold or otherwise accounted for. However, this measure does not accurately determine the reason for proud numbers of unaccounted items at the store, for there could be a number of other factors that could have led to such increasing numbers within the four-month period under review, (Maxfield Babbie. 2008306 states Store inventory records could be used to estimate losses by customer theft, but this obscures the difference between shoplifting by customers and employee theft. Qualitative methods used in studying data as part of the investigation is commendable, qualitative research is the form of research that is not concerned or interested in what is true or false or what crumb be proved or disproved, as thoroughly as considering the way people understand things and patterns of behaviour. activities that make up this method of research in corporates , interviews, observations, analysing interactions and conversations including analysing documents,(Department of Criminology,2010).The assumption that shoplifting was on the increase in as much as security officers were catching more people at the shop and the past week devil persons were processed by police in concert with more dodgy persons stopping over at the shop was based purely on observations and lacked adequate data whereby they could have appropriately measure the variables.InterviewsUnstructured interviews were used to determine the amount of shoplifting at the shop. Nevertheless, in conducting interviews be it structured or unstructured there must be some ethical consideration when using this method. According to Hart and Bond (1995198-201 cited in Bell 2008 44) action research in health and social care, provide examples of different subjects of code of go for or protocol, which requires researchers to ensure that participants are fully aware of the purpos e of the research and understand their rights. The manager selection of semi-structured interviews must be highly praised, for unstructured interviews are most appropriate when researchers have little knowledge about a topic and when its reasonable for them to have a casual conservation with a subject (Maxfeild Babbie, 2008288). Interviews with both line managers and other records indicated that there was a great deal of shoplifting taking maculation at the shop. However, both interviews were not conducted at the proper time to elicit the information necessary in assisting the manager to come to a conclusion as to determine that shop lifting was on the increase at the shop. This factors could have result in bias as there is always dangers in research carried out by individual researchers, particularly those who have strong views about the topic they are researching (Bell, 2008 166).Structured or unstructured interviews must comply with the general ethics of undertaking such an exe rcise for many organizations now have ethical guidelines, codes of enforce and protocols (Bell, 200857)Observational studyObservation study was one of the methods used by the researcher to determine why people shoplift. While this is one of the methods by which investigation could be used to collect data, it is not an easy option, according to (Nisbet 197715 cited in Bell, 2008184) careful planning and piloting are essential, and it takes practice to get the most out of this technique. However, once mastered, it can reveal characteristics of group or individuals, which would have been unaccepted to discover by another means. An afternoon spent walking around the store watching for people shoplifting was done by the security manager in order to collect data this can be explained as solo observation. However, there is always a danger of accusation of bias or misinterpretation with this type of observation (Bell, 2008185).In conducting observation studies be it structured or unstruct ured, participant or non-participant there are accredited guide lines to follow in order to achieve exactly what you need to know. To begin with consideration should be given as to what information is needed and what approach should be adopted also pilot your method and invite someone to observe with you and compare notes afterwards to see if you saw the same thing (Bell, 2008185). This emphasizes the point that even though the observation study was unstructured the basic principle for this type of investigation was lacking. On the other hand, the researcher must be commended for employing this method to assist with obtaining the necessary information to establish why people shoplift.Quantitative researchQuantitative research methods as compared to qualitative research methods differ primarily in their analytical objectives. While qualitative explores attitudes, and experiences through such methods as interviews, observations, analysing interactions and conversations, including ana lysing documents,(Department of Criminology,2010).On the other hand quantitative research generates data through the use of a large subdue survey via methods such as questionnaires and structured interviews. This type of research reaches many more people, but the contact with crisscross groups is much quicker than it is in qualitative research (Sanchez, 2006) .The researcher decision to design a questionnaire to address why people shoplift is certainly a step in the right direction towards achieving this objective. However, in exercising this option, and considering the survey is likely to get the information required, a well designed questionnaire must be produced that will be acceptable and should pose no problem at the analysis and interpretation stage(Bell,2008136 ). The author points out that he gave out 30 questionnaires to his friends and also to get their friends to fill it in,(Gill,2005313) stated self administered questionnaire can produce unreliable data as results depe nd on respondents.(Bell,2008 148 ) also states, There are decided advantages in being able to give questionnaires to respondents personalizedly. You can explain the purpose of the study, and in some good examples questionnaires can be completed on the spot. You are likely to get better cooperation if you can establish personal contact. The method employed the researcher in delivering the questionnaire could have compromised the information received on their return.Data c wound and analysisWhen deciding to carry out a research project, in the initial stages one should consider how to collect the evidence you require, additionally what is the best way to acquire the information (Bell, 2008115). The use of official data from the store to identify inventory taken into the shop in comparison to inventory accounted for, as well as unaccounted inventory must be applauded. Analysis of data for the periods under review to determine whether if any significant change in shoplifting before and after the introduction of CCTV confirmed that twenty portion of the inventory was not accounted for in both case. Hence it could not be proven there was a decrease in shoplifting. Generalization is a key concern in research design. We rarely have the resources to study the entire population that is of interest to us, so we have to select cases to study that allow our findings to be generalized to the population of interest. None the less since we can never be sure that our findings will mark off under all conditions. We should be cautious in generalizing to populations that we do not actually sample. (Schutt, 2004 19). Interpretation of results collected from the questionnaire was based on assumptions and not from a proper examination of the data collected. Statements such as, most shoplifting is committed by females for the thrill is not accurate at the point of view two out of ten females answering the questionnaire shoplifted many times, which represents a mere twenty perc ent.(Bell,2008 110) writes research findings can be heavy if they are used in an undisciplined way stating that the research proves x or y without any corroborating evidence to warrant such an assertion. In analysing data collected one should not make claims, which cannot be justified from the evidence presented.Ethical considerationThere is no sign throughout the entire research project where the investigator indicated that an ethic committee existed or permission from any supervisor to carry out the survey was granted. (Bell, 2008 43) explains, at one time, it was attainable to have permission for small pieces of research to be done by the head of a department. However, with era change in most cases the supervisor will be aware of any limitations or legal requirement related to researching and ensure that proper standards are in place during the preparation stages of collecting data. Ethical consideration should not be compromised when doing any research project, for any data co llected from any of the research methods without consent from participants, create an inherent danger to the reliability and validity of the information collected,(Department of Criminology,2010).The semi- structured interviews, with both line managers is an excellent research method, but they were unaware that an interview was been carried out at the time and information collected would be used by the researcher to inform certain conclusions.(Bell,2008156) points out researchers still have a responsibility to explain as fully as possible what the research is about ,why you wish to interview them, what will be involved an what you will do with the information obtained. During the observational study the young woman arrested for shoplifting and was offered a reward in exchange for information illustrates the importance for ethical concerns in obtaining information. The reliability of the information received through coercion will quarrel the authenticity of the data collected. Whene ver a research is conducted on persons the well being of the research participants must be top priority. The question of the research is of secondary importance. This explains that if a choice is made between doing harm to the participants and doing harm to the research, it is the research that is sacrificed (Sanchez, 2006).Discussion and Interpretation of findingsRaw data taken from the questionnaires, interviews and other methods used need to be recorded analysed and interpreted. (Bell, 2008203).The researchers discussion and analysis as a consequence of the data collected, asserts that shoplifting is a real problem that is only going to get worse. However, the results presented did not indicate if the results fits with the data collected, any conclusions forwarded need to be accompanied by evidence to support its claim. Taking into consideration data collected during the research as compared to authors statements highlighted this fact. The findings needed to identify limitation o f the study and how it affected the quality of the study challenges encountered in collecting the questionnaire together with the low return ratio would have certainly compromised the fact as to why persons shoplift together with the ages and sex of the offenders. Gathering large amount of information in the hope that something will emerge is not recommended in small investigations also selecting research method which are suitable for the task and which can easy analysed, interpreted and presented (Bell, 2008203).Reliability and validity of the information to determine that CCTV is the solution to the problem is not supported by the statistical data presented. Before and after the installation of the CCTV simple arithmetical procedures related to percentage was not used to analyse the numbers so as to determine if shoplifting prior to and following produced significant changes. According to (Bassey, 198185 cited in Bell 2008202)An important criterion for judging the merit of case s tudy is the end to which the details are sufficient and appropriate for a teacher working in a confusable situation to relate his decision making to that described in the case study. The reliability of a case study is more important than its generalizability.Interpretation of the data collected requires greater analysis before telling that several things were clear from the research.In determining if a research project ought to be undertaken it must be resolved if the problem is clearly identified, together with providing a good argument for such an investigation. The objective of any research by its definition is aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts. However, in striving to achieve such this requires the researcher follow the necessary steps that would assist in accomplishing the goals of the investigations. A literature review of previous researches could be an essential first step in understanding the subject. The utilitization of multiple methods to study the res earch is recommended, which would assist to observe things from a perspective which could challenge or confirm the finding of one method with those of another. Both qualitative and quantitative used were legitimate and helpful in assisting to address the compilation and analysis of information. The differences between both methods were identified, and it was understood that they varied primarily in their analytical objective, while qualitative methods are not keen in what is true or false or what can be proven or disproved. Quantitative on the other hand, produce data through the use of a large scale survey. The possibility of doing a research project should not prevent researchers from considering ethical issues, and aiming at the principle of one having the informed approval from the appropriate review board where the rights of human participants are protected. In the final discussion and analysis of data collected during the investigation, one has to be conscious of the fact that interpretation of the findings must be logically based before making any declaration.